The Indianapolis News from Indianapolis, Indiana • Page 19

BIG CHAIN OF 7 Tha Bloomlr.gton water problem row la apparently on tha road to a permanent and scientific solution after many, years of strife between political factions. The protracted water ehortaae in thie city last fall ir.y the Aworfatca Preasl rnTSBURSH, March 10. Doaff las Stewart, director of the museum cf the Carfcojrie Institute, reports the liveliest interest on the part of the pul lie in the life of ancient EgrpL The discoveries in the tomb of Tut Br kh fimcn at Luxor have, he says, maJe the history of thirty five centuries ago present day news. Public curiosity has been aroused in a civilization of which most peopla had TUNNELS BLOOIvilNGTON'S 1 SHOVmQ CHANNELING EFFECTS. OF WATER IN LMEsTOHE, TYPICAL OF CHANNELS FOUND IN INDIANA CAVES LOOillNGTON, IncL, March 10 either tne man made, catacombs of Rome nor the underground tunnels of Paris have anything on the system of caves and pas jlgeways which undermine a large area in the southwestern part of Indiana.

Thi3 system is revealed where limestone crops out on the surface. The district, which Is approximately 150 miles long, starts on a line just north of Carpcntersville, Putnam county, and extends from Putnam and Parke counties south to the Ohio river. At; its northern limits the limestone outcropping is about ten miles wide. It becomes wider farther south and at the Ohio river the limestone is about thirty miles across. It is In this limestone that Bloomington's present waterworks reservoirs have their basins, and It is, because of the cavernous condition of these rocks that the basins will not hold water.

Thus the reasons behind Bloomlngton's water problem, which has concerned the state periodically for several years because a shortage of water In Bloomlngtori affects to some degree the students at Indiana University, are geological as well as political. Hefcrcnce to charts and mapi cltr ccancll at first was split ea herewith prencnted shows that the tha matUr. Ona faction stood with West ya I vt aort of fecoloscal formatlon and that tho east part is on another. Thrto of Bloomlnfton city reservoirs, including the Leonard spring pond, hate basins in pings on the side of, the reservoir were observed. The aftioji of the water has worn holes through the stone.

The city's new wtvtcr works, which is to he in tho Griffy creek valley, have its reservoir in a knob stone basin. Knobsjone Is a type of sandstona and ia impervious to" water. It is in this formation that Indiana University's present reservoir Is situated. Even in dry weather the land below the Leonard's springs dam is marshy. It was not in this condition prior to the erection of the dam.

Geologlsta say that the water has forced its way through seams in the stone basin underneath the dam. In one Flac an actual flow of water from a spring has been found in the floor of the valley immediately below the dariu A spring in a valley i mayt serve as a drain from the valley if the valley is dammed. Leonard's eprlnra basin ia In a wide ahallovr. shaped valley, characteristic of the limestone district. In the knobstone.

deep, shaped valleys are found. The latter type of valley, engineers eay. Is easier to dam and ita capacity la greater. i Kvery time tha question of constructing an addition to tha liloom ington water system has come up. I'rofossor 11.

Cuming, head of the roloy department. and other iteologtta hava advised tha city to go to the Orlffy creek valley, which la east of tha limestone outcropping and in the knohstone. Cltr officials bava Unshed at tha Idea and ignored th soundness of the geological theory until recently. The vnlversltr waterworks waa located by Trofeaaor Cuminga in 1911. and has proved aietuate and the reservoir ta water tight, Read to Salatiaa.

improvement and enlargement of tbe pmtnt ytem or reaervolra In Leonard aprinRB Talley. Tha other faction in tha council stood for tha building of a new plant at a alta to ba recommended br hydraulic engineer after they had made a aurvey. After a long fight thta faction finally defeated tha Harris eupportere by I ih Rnim mrV. whila Welmers lake paialng a motion to amploy engineer it 11 ii to rnaka a auTyey and to carry out is in the Mitchell formation. All their recommendatlona.

Tha aurvey i.v.a Br ttA hv nrinrs out nada and tba engineers recom these lakes are lea Dy springs out a Griffy crMk valley, of the Mitchell formation, Leonard in tha neighborhood of Indiana Unl versltya reservoir. A financing springs nsinif In a cave, in me re compitnyi composed of many uioom cent low water at Leonard springs 1 reservoir, the Salem rock outcrop tngton recently waa Incorporated to build tha new plant. Other large. town in tha Umestoffa region have not faced tha name problem a liloomtngton for various rea aona." Bedford and Xlitchell are aup plied'from Whita river, which, tlowa near them. Salem Is on a larga atream.

while Pa oil and Orleana draw from welia. Most of the caves In this part of. the state are found in a formation known as ilttctlell limestone. A few are found Mn tha 'Salem and Ilar rodsburg rock, tha other two varie tiea of rock found in these outcrop rlnga. Thesa threo varieties of rock ia In layers, sloping off to the southwest.

Tha Mitchell rock forms a top layer from 2i0 to 350 feet; tha Salem rock, tho middle layer, of fifty to ninety feet. and the llarrodsburg rock Is on the bottom, ninety. feet thick. Lying underneath tha limestones and outcropping to tha east is a lay problem and a concerted movement thick. Uloominffton stands on the east for it aohilicn by tha building cf a edge of the limestone outcropping, new works plant and reservoir.

Tha To tha west first a layer of sandstone never heard, and the visitors are fascinated by the physical mementoes of a long gone race. The largest exhibit in the museum 13 the remains of a Nile boat of an admiral, buried with him according to the custom of burying the tools of trade with the dead. There is not a nail in this boat. It is fastened together by wooden pins dovetailed the timbers, and by thongs. It dates from 4000 B.

600 years be WATER STAMPERS CREEK TRIBUTARY OK LOST IN FLOOD OF 190.1, WHICH DISAPPEARS BEFORE REACHING LOST RIVER. brought on another discussion of tha er of knobstone soma 600 to' COO feet v. QUARRY iM THE SALEAA LWLSTONE. SMOWMG EA2TM SEAMS TAKEN NEAfi fcLOCMiNGTOM, ELOOMIKOTOM PRESENT WATERWORKS IS IN THIS FORMATIOM IS fIEE INDIANAPOLIS NEWS, SATURDAY, 3TAECII 10, 1023. AND CAVES SUPPLY IN i AR.CHIE: i OOHN ADDINGTON REEVES INSTRUCTORS IN GEOLOGY UNIVERSITY geological: map of the southern part of indiana crops out.

and then the coal measures, which lie Jn layers top of the limestone. The coal measures form the surface west to the state line. It Is the Salem limestone which is" rocks, and the earth seams, which quarried and used for building. This separate the Mocks, are not so large rock is also, known as Bedford, or ts In the other varieties, but It ia fore Tut ankh amen's time, or 600 ryears before Abraham went to Ur of the Chaldees. Even older is one of several kohl pots, made about 5000 B.

C. which were used to contain eyelid paint for the Egyptian beauties of the court. It is covered witha very thin layer of pure gold, similar to the gold found in Tut ankh amen's tomb by Lord Carnarvon. Bronze mirrors appropriately UNDERMINES THIS tX AMPLE OF HOLE TOPOGRAPHY IN fAONROE COUNT y. COAL MEASURES SANDSTONE.

LIMESTONE. KNOBSTONClv a at 9 SULLIVAN i. SPILLWAV AT LEONAPV SPRINCS DAM. NO WATER COM I NO OVER. DAfA, WATER.

FLOWInQ FROW vSPRr4G IM THE FORECROUNO BLOOM 1NGTOM QEOLOClCAL. rORMATION IN tTERRITOKY BETWEEN SULLIVAN AND BLOOMINQTON 7 77 v. 1 'vt I I or MAP SHOWING POINTS JNVOLUEO IN WATER PROBLErA IND ANA SUBTERRANEAN ENTPANCE, TO TRUtTTS CAVE. BLOOIvMNGTOM. THIS, CAVERN IS 200 FEET WNO, 60 fEET lOE; AND AVERACES 2.5 TEET IN HtCHT.

RESERVOIR. rV 'SGniFFY i if VJHTTtHAXLf Sl jrC. sCLl EAST II til I LEONARDS A CLYDE A MALOTT. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, OF CEOLOQY INDIANA UNIVERSITY i ya i tm i r. iw i a a r.

ayi a OlANAPOLlcl aioN I sFssr. a tz. a. i rsTfy sir 4 rcwyvV i v. WMT IMC UNION FRANKLIN KEaY 7t COAL MEASURES i.

SANDSTONE Oolltlo limestone, it is found in Quantities around Bloomington. Bedford and Salem. The balem rock lies in larger blocks than do the other two LIMESTONES SHALES Aifo LIMESTONES fcvC KNOBSTONE MAR RODS BUHi LIMESTONE MITCHELL I LIMESTONE LI ESTON DRA II PROPOSED 1 VfvA' NAGE 2 A XV EXECUTIVE ROCK" IN MARENGO CAVE, MAPENCO, CRAFORD COUNTV counted sixty such "Openings In the dowa AREA SYSTEM "JJJoomington which in elade an area. asDroilmiltl twentr Caaela Below miles long and ten miles wide in Mon roe, Greenland Owen counties. Big Caves fa Mitchell St rat ant.

The Wyandotte cave on the north bank of the Ohio river in Crawford county, and the Marengo cave In the aame county are perhaps the most widely known Indiana caves. These caves are in the Mitchell limestcne. The Mitchell limestone extends south under the Ohio river, and Mammoth cave is found in. thia formation in Kentucky. This fact has led to the popular story that Mammoth cave extends into Indiana and that ita end ia under the Indiana University campus.

This theory is scouted by N. Logan, state geologist and member of the Indiana University faculty. and by other geologists, who say there Is no evidence, to show that the rave extends even under the Ohio river, and it certainly does not extend as far north as Bloomtngton. Indiana's caves are merely a small part of a huge underground drainage system. The limestone area is "pock marked" with sink holes.

These holes vary In aixe from those so SHALES. AND amall that they are hardly percept LJMESTONE ible to those 100 feet or more in diameter and many feet, in depth. Eight hundred and sixty three of these holes were counted in an area twenty miles square at the headwaters of Indian "creek In Monroe county. These sink holes were plotted in the region where Bloomlngton's pres ent waterworks is situated. Of tha number, 34 4 were regarded as of sufficient size for actual, measurement.

These holes divert" to underground channels the flow of streams which formerly flowed on the surface in an area of fifteen square miles. Sink boles are funnel shaped, and at their bottoms are openings, often visible, leading to undergound chan nels, water is drained into these the most porous of, the three rocks nations are filled with large joints, funnels and started through the and dissolves the most easily under action of water. Watr seeps through the atone and' washes out the dirt seams between the blocks, experiments have shown. The other two rocks are fine grained, but their tor More man ivvcaTet large enougn gruuou. i vui to permit the entrance of persons ex at some lower elevation or It may.

1st in the region where the llme come out of a crevice in the rock as 4 TV ENTRANCE TO BOONE O'WEN uCOUNT RtSE. OF U05T RiVEf, ORANGE LOU Nl 7. HtlUKt TAKEN IN Wife WHEN DANA BELOW WAS OUT AND WATER. WAS 'ENOUGH TO REVEAL EXIT OF THE UNDERGROUND FLOw erat. The fall of these channel may be' only a few feet or It may be, hundreds of feet Farmers often plug the bottom i a sink hole In order to provide water "for atock to drink.

Occasionally streams are found flowing into one of these alnk holes. to come out a few feet or a few mites away. Nearly 100 streams of this are' In tne Indiana lime atane region. The most widely known. of these is Lostr river, in Orange.

county, which flowa eight miles underground. Here we find the forces of natura following the line of least resistance. Wer Lost river to follow an over land course would flow nineteen miles from the place where it xlls appcars In order to rrach the place where It rises again. Its actual un derground course is eight1 miles. r' At its disappearance.

Lost river drops" fortv feet 'Into the I'rofessor Clyde MalotL of the Indiana University department of geology, who is studying the Lost river area, has been able to go Into the swallow hole" and follow the stream's underground course for some distance. Four other openings are along the river's line of flow, and Into these he has gone and followed the stream's course. These openings are in a atralght Una between the. disappearance and rise of the stream. Lost river is dammed Just below ita rise to run a grist mill.

For thla reason (the point where the water flows out Is often covered In flood time. The underground channels cnt by 1 1 these streams are not always of sis sufficient to carry the flow. Stampers creek, in Orange county, a tributary of Lost river, disappears before It reaches the river and rises again along the rirer bank. In the spring. It floods nearly 400 seres of land about Its point of disappearance.

Onne In every decade this flood ts sufficient to eause the stream to seek sn overland course into Jost river," Thlf happened In 1918 and In 1921. In 1921. 1,000 acres of land were In undo ted when "the creek sought its overland This course. whilex the 6am In each flood, is not marked, and a church, has been built In the river's r'caaional bed. At the flood atairf ihe water rises hlrh enough to enter the cliurch through Its win mm Afceve" Cri4.

In Lawencei county Iadlan creek cuts 1 10 miles frtm Its natural course, by flowing' 4 quarter of a mile through a llmjestone chsnnel under a hill whld rises 250 feet out of the valley. In the spring this underground, channel Is too small, and the creek seeks its natural' course, around the hilL The caves which geologists hara counted vary in slse from single small caverns to those containing several large chambers and extending far Into the ground. Mawy of these caves have an entrance into which one may walk on the level, while others are entered through shaf ts, many of them from forty to 100 feet In depth. These cave's may be the. mouths of series of drainage canals leading holes.

Occasionally, however, they are merely en larged channels, with smarter. chan. nels leading from them to lower depths and lower, caverns. In these caves the water runs through channels which it has worn The channels are a few feet to 2.00f feet in length, and often several of them are found in a single cave. The caverns are male more beautiful by blocks of limestone worn Into odd shapes by the action of the water and' by atalacltes and stalgacnitea.

These deposits are formed by drip ping water which has percolated through the limestone, dissolving calcium carbonate from the stone; beautiful 'examples of stalgamltea. or deposits on the floor of the cave sre found in Marengo cav. near Marengo. Ind. The most widely known of these is Executive rock, so called because It resembles the, dome tha National Capitol at Washington.

Editor's Jfete Sentifur? dats for 'the foresoing article were proTitiod by menv bT of. the faculty of the reolorr derailment of Indiana VniTermitjr. irK ituling Prof. CummiDf. Mr.

Ad linrton. Dr. Lofan. rh also i stste geolng mt: MlrU and Mr. Reeves.

The chart here stone crops out, geologists estimate, a spring. Many of these sink holes with prepared hy Mr. Rwtm, and the. Archie R. Addington, of.

the Indiana drain into the same cave, or may phntorrapha were auppUed by him and Jar. University geology department, hae drain Into a channel linking up aev Aiidintton. PUBLIC CURIOSITY HAS BEEN AROUSED BY DISCOVERIES IN KING TUT ANKH AMEN'S TOMB IN CIVILIZATION OF WHICH HAD NEVER HEARD find a plac beside the eye paint pots. Nearby a razor of the eighteenth century is seen to be of precisely the same model as the old style razor of today, working on a swivel handle, and proving that barbers shaved their customers 200 years ago just as they do today. A group of fishhooks of 15S0 B.

constitutes another exhibit where the design has not changed in thirty five centuries. The exhibits of ancient Egyptian pottery show that the shapes in use in the Egypt xof today are exactly those used in Tilt's time. The water pots have the. same pointed bottom necessary to press into the sand to keep them upright The exhibits in the Carnegie Museum are mostly from Tell eT Amar fia, the capital of Pharaoh Tkhnaton, which he built when his refusal to worship other gods than the gun god led him to leave Memphis. Tell el Amarna was abandoned on his death and the return of his successor to the ancient worship at Memphis.

The site which is 1,560 miles south 'of Cairo, was excavated by the Germans before the war and since then by the Egypt, exploration fund, to which the Carnegie of Pittsburgh, has contributed." Besides a mummified boby, a cumber of mummy cases, and sev eral pieces of decorative art in which the designs and colors are as perfect today as when they were first painted, the exhibit has mummified cats, several scarabs, one with an inscription from the "Book of the Dead," and many smaller antiques of the different dynasties. Director Stewart has added to the collection on display a copy of a beautiful necklace of the Princess Knoumit, which will be of value ta' of jewelry by affording them a true type of ancient Egyptian art, now being sought by modern fashion creators. Besides the interest of the adaTt population, the public school children of the eighth grade are attending lectures by museum assistants, who find their juvenile auditors as keenly interested in the Pharaohs eV they usually are in the cxtiliu cf the American Indians..